Long-term monitoring of bottom environments of the continental slope off Otsuchi Bay,northeastern Japan     

Kazumasa Oguri  Yasuo Furushima  Takashi Toyofuku  Takafumi Kasaya  Masahide Wakita  Shuichi Watanabe  Katsunori Fujikura  Hiroshi Kitazato 《Journal of Oceanography》2016,72(1):151-166

  相似文献   

Plasma dynamics at the very initial phases of flares     

Watanabe  T. 《Solar physics》1987,113(1-2):107-120

Solar Physics - Plasma motions at the initial phases of flares observed in the high resolution soft X-ray spectrometers are summarized. Blue-shifted components of highly ionized metal ions suggest...  相似文献   

Deuteron whistler and trans-equatorial propagation of the ion cyclotron whistler     

S. Watanabe  T. Ondoh 《Planetary and Space Science》1976,24(4):359-364

New ion cyclotron whistlers which have the asymptotic frequency of one half the local proton gyrofrequency, $\text{G}{}_{\mathrm{p}}\text{2}$, and the minimum (or equatorial) proton gyrofrequency, G_pm, along the geomagnetic field line passing through the satellite have been found in the low-latitude topside ionosphere from the spectrum analysis of ISIS VLF electric field data received at Kashima, Japan. Ion cyclotron whistlers with asymptotic frequency of G_pm or $\text{G}{}_{\mathrm{pm}}\text{2}$ are observed only in the region of $\text{B}{}_{\mathrm{m}}\text{>}\text{B}\text{2}$ or rarely $\text{B}{}_{\mathrm{m}}\text{>}\text{B}\text{4}$, where B is the local magnetic field and B_m is the mini magnetic field along the geomagnetic field line passing through the satellite.The particles with one half the proton gyrofrequency may be the deuteron or alpha particle. Theoretical spectrograms of the electron whistlers (R-mode) and the ion cyclotron whistlers (L-mode) propagating along the geomagnetic field lines are computed for the appropriate distributions of the electron density and the ionic composition, and compared with the observed spectrograms.The result shows that the ion cyclotron whistler with the asymptotic frequency of $\text{G}{}_{\mathrm{p}}\text{2}$ is the deuteron whistler, and that the ion cyclotron whistlers with the asymptotic frequency of G_pm or $\text{G}{}_{\mathrm{pm}}\text{2}$ are caused by the trans-equatorial propagation of the proton or deuteron whistler from the other hemisphere.  相似文献   

Formation Process of Zircon Associated with REE‐Fluorocarbonate and Niobium Minerals in the Nechalacho REE Deposit,Thor Lake,Canada     

Mihoko Hoshino  Yasushi Watanabe  Hiroyasu Murakami  Yoshiaki Kon  Maiko Tsunematsu 《Resource Geology》2013,63(1):1-26

The two drill holes, which penetrated sub‐horizontal rare earth element (REE) ore units at the Nechalacho REE in the Proterozoic Thor Lake syenite, Canada, were studied in order to clarify the enrichment mechanism of the high‐field‐strength elements (HFSE: Zr, Nb and REE). The REE ore units occur in the albitized and potassic altered miaskitic syenite. Zircon is the most common REE mineral in the REE ore units, and is divided into five types as follows: Type‐1 zircon occurs as discrete grains in phlogopite, and has a chemical character similar to igneous zircon. Type‐2 zircon consists of a porous HREE‐rich core and LREE–Nb–F‐rich rim. Enrichment of F in the rim of type‐2 zircon suggests that F was related to the enrichment of HFSE. The core of type‐2 zircon is regarded to be magmatic and the rim to be hydrothermal in origin. Type‐3 zircon is characterized by euhedral to anhedral crystals, which occur in a complex intergrowth with REE fluorocarbonates. Type‐3 zircon has high REE, Nb and F contents. Type‐4 zircon consists of porous‐core and ‐rim, but their chemical compositions are similar to each other. This zircon is a subhedral crystal rimmed by fergusonite. Type‐5 zircon is characterized by smaller, porous and subhedral to anhedral crystals. The interstices between small zircon grains are filled by fergusonite. Type‐4 and type‐5 zircon grains have low REE, Nb and F contents. Type‐1 zircon is only included in one unit, which is less hydrothermally altered and mineralized. Type‐2 and type‐3 zircon grains mainly occur in the shallow units, while those of type‐4 and type‐5 are found in the deep units. The deep units have high HFSE contents and strongly altered mineral textures (type‐4 and type‐5) compared to the shallow units. Occurrences of these five types of zircon are different according to the depth and degree of the hydrothermal alteration by solutions rich in F and CO₃, which permit a model for the evolution of the zircon crystallization in the Nechalacho REE deposit as follows: (i) type‐1 (discrete magmatic zircon) is formed in miaskitic syenite. (ii) LREE–Nb–F‐rich hydrothermal zircon formed around HREE‐rich magmatic zircon (type‐2). (iii) type‐3 zircon crystallized through the F and CO₃‐rich hydrothermal alteration of type‐2 zircon which formed the complex intergrowth with REE fluorocarbonates; (iv) the CO₃‐rich hydrothermal fluid corroded type‐3, forming REE–Nb‐poor zircon (type‐4). Niobium and REE were no longer stable in the zircon structure and crystallized as fergusonite around the REE–Nb‐leached zircon (type‐4); (v) type‐5 zircon is formed by the more CO₃‐rich hydrothermal alteration of type‐4 zircon, suggested by the fact that type‐4 and type‐5 zircon grains are often included in ankerite. Type‐3 to type‐5 zircon grains at the Nechalacho REE deposit were continuously formed by leaching and/or dissolution of type‐2 zircon in the presence of F‐ and/or CO₃‐rich hydrothermal fluid. These mineral associations indicate that three representative hydrothermal stages were present and related to HFSE enrichment in the Nechalacho REE deposit: (i) F‐rich hydrothermal stage caused the crystallization of REE–Nb‐rich zircon (type‐2 rim and type‐3), with abundant formation of phlogopite and fluorite; (ii) F‐ and CO₃‐rich hydrothermal stage led to the replacement of a part of REE–Nb–F‐rich zircon by REE fluorocarbonate; and (iii) CO₃‐rich hydrothermal stage resulted in crystallization of the REE–Nb–F‐poor zircon and fergusonite, with ankerite. REE and Nb in hydrothermal fluid at the Nechalacho REE deposit were finally concentrated into fergusonite by way of REE–Nb–F‐rich zircon in the hydrothermally altered units.  相似文献   

Mercury concentration in some calcareous soils of western Iran with a focus on pedological evolution and weathering process     

Bubak Souri  Makiko Watanabe 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(3):1249-1262

The aim of this study was to evaluate total mercury concentration and its lithogenic and exogenic fractions in some calcareous soils of western Iran, where water contamination and bioaccumulation of mercury have been reported in the bottomland’s reservoir. In particular, we investigated soil physico-chemical properties and weathering conditions related to lithogenic and exogenic fractions of mercury for two groups of calcareous soils with a known comparative pedological evolution and weathering condition that was evident in the presence or absence of underlying layers of accumulated clay. Our results showed that the total mercury content of the studied soils ranged from 45.40 to 830.36 with a mean of 486.81 μg kg^?1. Furthermore, calculation of mercury fractions revealed that lithogenic and exogenic fractions vary slightly according to the three reference elements (Fe, U and Nb) used in the calculations for the two groups of studied soils. The results also illustrated that most of the mercury content is of exogenic origin; therefore, total mercury variations are closely related to the content of exogenic mercury, while the lithogenic fraction exhibited no relationship with total mercury concentration. Moreover, application of the weathering indexes of Parker and the CaO/ZrO₂ molar ratio supported the dependence of lithogenic mercury accumulation on weathering intensity in the studied calcareous soils. However, the significance of this relationship is stronger for more weathered calcareous soils; in such cases, fine-particle fractions are more developed, which encourages carrier phases such as organic materials and iron oxyhydroxides to become involved in more efficient fixation of mercury. Nevertheless, the formation of underlying layers of accumulated clay, i.e. argillic horizons, may restrain fixation of exogenic mercury by limiting its atmospheric input.  相似文献   

Geodynamics and Tectonics of Central Asia: Continental Growth in Vendian-Paleozoic Time     

M.M. Buslov  T. Watanabe  Y. Fujiwara  K. Iwata  Yu.I. Saphonova  O.T. Obut  Y. Sugai 《Gondwana Research》2001,4(4):587

  相似文献   

Petrological Indicators of Assembly and Breakup Processes for Precambrian Supercontinents at the Southern Margin of the Siberian Craton     

D.P. Gladkotchoub  T.V. Donskaya  E.V. Sklyarov  A.M. Mazukabzov  T. Watanabe 《Gondwana Research》2001,4(4):620

  相似文献   

Mapping vertical profile of discontinuous permafrost with ground penetrating radar at Nalaikh depression,Mongolia   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Tonghua Wu  Qinxue Wang  Masataka Watanabe  Ji Chen  Dorjgotov Battogtokh 《Environmental Geology》2009,56(8):1577-1583

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has become an important geophysical tool which can provide a wealth of interpretive information about the vertical profile of discontinuous permafrost. A GPR investigation was conducted in October 2006 at the Nalaikh site at the southern boundary of the Siberian discontinuous permafrost region in Mongolia. GPR data were collected along four 100-m-long profiles to identify the location of the permafrost body, which included an in situ drilling borehole and analysis of temperature observations and soil water content measurements from boreholes. The GPR interpretation results indicated that the thickness of discontinuous permafrost at the study site was only 1.9–3.0 m and the permafrost is vulnerable to climate change. The soil temperature and soil water content data demonstrate the precision of GPR image interpretation. This case demonstrated that GPR is well suited for mapping the internal structure of discontinuous permafrost with relatively low soil water content.  相似文献   

K-Ar Ages of Granitic Magmatism and Related Pegmatite Formation at the Umanotani-Shiroyama Mine, Shimane Prefecture, SW Japan and Their Bearings on Cooling History     

Shouji Kihara    Kenichi Hoshino    Makoto Watanabe    Hirotsugu Nishido  Shunso Ishihara 《Resource Geology》2005,55(2):123-129

Abstract. The Umanotani-Shiroyama pegmatite deposits, the largest producer of K-feldspar and quartz in Japan, are of typical granitic pegmatite. Ilmenite-series biotite granite and granite porphyry, hosting the ore deposits, and biotites separated from these rocks yielded K-Ar ages ranging from 89.0 to 81.4 Ma and 95.2 to 93.7 Ma, respectively. Muscovite and K-feldspar separated from the ore zone yielded K-Ar ages with the range of 96.2 to 93.1 Ma and 87.3 to 80.7 Ma, respectively. Muscovites from quartz-muscovite veins in the ore zone and in the granite porphyry yielded K-Ar ages of 90.4 and 76.3 Ma, respectively. K-feldspar is much younger in age than coexisting muscovite. It is noted that the K-Ar ages of biotite separates and the whole-rock ages are identical to those of muscovite and K-feldspar in the ore zone, respectively. These time relations, as well as field occurrence, indicate that the formation of the pegmatite deposits at the Umanotani-Shiroyama mine is closely related in space and time to a series of granitic magmatism of ilmenite-series nature. Using closure temperatures of the K-Ar system for biotite and K-feldspar (microcline), cooling rate of the pegmatite deposits is estimated to be about 82C/m.y. at the beginning, but slowed down to about 15C/m.y. in the later period.  相似文献   

A comparison of channel-base currents and optical signals for rocket-triggered lightning strokes     

D. Wang  N. Takagi  T. Watanabe  V.A. Rakov  M.A. Uman  K.J. Rambo  M.V. Stapleton 《Atmospheric Research》2005,76(1-4):412

A comparative analysis has been performed of the channel-base current and light waveforms for four rocket-triggered lightning strokes. It has been found that the current and light signals at the bottom of the channel exhibit a linear relationship (direct proportionality) in their rising portions. However, just after the peaks the linearity disappears, and the light signals usually decrease faster than the currents during the next several microseconds. Later, this trend is reversed and in some cases the light signals show another rising trend, even when the currents continue to decrease. The linear light/current relationship for the rising portions of the waveforms appears to be the same for different strokes. The findings support the idea of evaluating the variation of return stroke current along the lightning return stroke channel using light signals, provided that evaluation is limited to the rising portions of those signals and assuming that the light/current relationship observed at the bottom of the channel holds at other heights.  相似文献